Polyanionic Microbicides Modify Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Cervicovaginal Immune Responses

Inhibition of Toll Like Receptor immune responses by microbial pathogens.

Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that respond to specific pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) during microbial invasion. After TLR stimulation a series of cellular responses initiate an inflammatory response and influence specific adaptive immunity that ultimately destroy the pathogen. But the immune response is not always able to control the infec...

Toll-Like Receptor 9 Mediated Responses in Cardiac Fibroblasts

Altered cardiac Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling is important in several experimental cardiovascular disorders. These studies have predominantly focused on cardiac myocytes or the heart as a whole. Cardiac fibroblasts have recently been attributed increasing significance in mediating inflammatory signaling. However, putative TLR9-signaling through cardiac fibroblasts remains non-investigat...

Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neonatal toll-like-receptor-mediated immune responses.

Infants of smokers have much higher rates of respiratory infection, asthma and airway disease. The current study assessed the effects of maternal smoking in pregnancy on neonatal toll-like-receptor (TLR)-mediated immune responses as a possible contributing factor to the elevated rates of respiratory illness. In a prospective birth cohort, the cord blood immune responses of neonates of smoking a...

MHC Class II Molecules Enhance Toll-Like Receptor Mediated Innate Immune Responses

BACKGROUND Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules play crucial roles in immune activation by presenting foreign peptides to antigen-specific T helper cells and thereby inducing adaptive immune responses. Although adaptive immunity is a highly effective defense system, it takes several days to become fully operational and needs to be triggered by danger-signals generated durin...

Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neonatal Toll-like receptor (TLR) mediated immune responses